Document Type : Reviews
Authors
1
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
2
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, zip 050095, District 5, Bucharest, Romania.
3
Research Institute of University of the Bucharest (ICUB), 90-92 Sos. Panduri, 5th District, Bucharest, Romania.
4
Applied Mycology and Biology Investigations Research Center, Moza Foundation, Bucharest, Romania.
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a field that studies matter at the atomic and molecular scale, dealing with matter at the 1 billionth (i.e., 10−9 m = 1 nm) of a meter scale. A nanoparticle is the fundamental component in nanostructure fabrication, smaller than everyday objects but larger than atoms or simple molecules. Nanoparticles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, possess unique physical and chemical properties compared to bulk metals. These properties, such as lower melting points, higher surface areas, optical properties, mechanical strengths, and magnetizations, make them attractive for various industrial applications. However, the definition of nanoparticles and nanomaterials varies depending on the specific application. This review addresses the use of endophytic fungi from higher plants in the mycogenic synthesis of various nanoparticles, highlighting their unique biological capabilities as eco-friendly and sustainable nanofactories. This review emphasizes how these fungi use their diverse metabolic pathways to produce nanoparticles with unique physicochemical properties that can be used in medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation. Endophytic fungi can produce stable and biocompatible nanoparticles under mild conditions, but the review also discusses the challenges and future of this emerging field. This review seeks to explain how endophytic fungi can revolutionize nanoparticle synthesis and global problem-solving.
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